The
goal of public health is to prevent disease. It's much easier and more
cost-effective to prevent a disease than to treat it. That's exactly what
immunizations aim to do. Immunizations,
or vaccines
as they're also known, safely and effectively use a small amount of a weakened
or killed virus or bacteria or bits of lab-made protein that imitate the virus
in order to prevent infection by that same virus or bacteria.
·
Vaccination is
a highly effective method of preventing certain infectious diseases.
Clinical
immunology deals with the study of diseases caused due to the disorders in the immune
system. The disorders may be failure or aberrant action of immune system
and sometimes due to malignant growth of cellular and molecular components of
immune system. Hence cellular biology, molecular biology fields of science come
into picture. Immunology
deals with the study of several components of immune system, the immune
reactions and mechanisms. Clinical Immunogenetics or immunogenetics is the
study of medical genetics that explores the relationship between the immune
system and genetics. By studying immunogenetics, we have been able to safely
perform blood transfusions and organ transplants, as well as treat autoimmune
diseases like diabetes. immunology and allergy is a specialty of renewed
interest and untapped potential. It covers several fields like pathology,
biochemistry, biotechnology, genetics, pharmaceuticals, medicine etc.
The
study of these fields give hope to research and taps career for:
·
Immunologists
·
Cell
biologists
·
Molecular
biologists
·
Biochemists
·
Bioinformaticians
·
Allergists
·
Physicians
·
Microbiologists
·
Pediatricians
so on.
Allergy is the condition of adverse reaction
of immune system towards any foreign substance.
Immune
system disorders cause abnormally low activity or overactivity of the
immune system. In cases of immune system overactivity, the body attacks and
damages its own tissues (autoimmune diseases). Immune deficiency diseases
decrease the body's ability to fight invaders, causing vulnerability to
infections. In excess of 80 diseases happen because of the immune system
assaulting the body's own organs, tissues, and cells.
Some
of the more common autoimmune
diseases include:
·
type
1diabetes
·
rheumatoid
arthritis
·
systemic
lupus erythematosus and
·
inflammatory
bowel disease.
Despite the fact that the reasons for some immune system diseases stay obscure, a man's genes in a mix with contaminations and other environmental exposures are probably going to assume a critical part in disease improvement.
Infectious
diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis(TB),
malaria, poliomyelitis, and some others tropical diseases (NTDs) are rapidly
spread out through communication(verbal), water, and wind. It also transmitted
by vectors (mosquitoes, flies) and a major issue in developing
countries. In the past, infectious diseases had been widely spread-out in
developing countries and chronic diseases were found primarily in high-income
countries. However, the global pattern of disease burden is shifting. While
infectious disease still remains a major problem in many countries, chronic
diseases, including such non-communicable conditions as cardiovascular
disease, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory disease, are now the major cause
of death and disability, not only in developed countries but also worldwide
·
Influenza
Vaccines
·
OPV
Vaccine
·
Rubella
Vaccine
·
Pneumonia
Vaccines
Clinical
immunology deals with the study of diseases caused due to the disorders in
the immune system. The disorders may be failure or aberrant action of immune
system and sometimes due to malignant growth of cellular and molecular
components of immune system. Hence cellular biology, molecular biology fields
of science come into picture. Immunology deals with the study of several
components of immune system, the immune reactions and mechanisms. Clinical
immunology and allergy is a specialty of renewed interest and untapped
potential.
It
covers several fields like:
·
pathology
·
biochemistry
·
biotechnology
·
genetics
·
pharmaceuticals
·
medicine
etc.
The
study of these fields give hope to research and taps career for immunologists,
cell biologists, molecular biologists, biochemists, bioinformaticians,
allergists, physicians, microbiologists, pediatricians and so on. Allergy
is the condition of adverse reaction of immune system towards any foreign
substance.
The
invasion of foreign organism on a host body for its growth and multiplication
is termed as infection. The infection
can lead to infectious diseases/ transmissible disease/ communicable disease.
The infection can be caused by any infectious agents and their toxins causing
several immune reactions like allergy, inflammation etc. Immune or allergic
reactions arise upon infection due to the role of Host immune system to
maintain immunity
in the body.
The
infectious agents may be:
·
bacteria
·
virus
·
fungus
·
parasites
·
protozoans
etc.
As the agents vary, so does the
route of transmission to enter into the host body and also the diseases,
diagnosis and treatments.
The
branch of biology and medicine which deals with the study of immune system in
different organisms is immunology.
The study covers the several components of immune
system, their production, synthesis, function, pathway mechanism etc. The
immune system comprises of several components like lymphoid cells and organs,
Hematopoiesis, Immune receptors and co-receptors, Major histocompatibility
complex (MHC’s), Antibodies and Cytokines, Transcription factors, Cell adhesion
molecules (CAM’s) etc.
These components play a vital role individually and in a group in an organism’s life against several infections and pathogens.
Immunology
field of study is an aggregation of several other fields like
·
biology
·
cellular
biology
·
biochemistry
·
nanotechnology
·
molecular
biology
·
biotechnology
·
bioinformatics
·
computer
science
·
sensor
technology
·
pathology
etc
Viruses
are firmly immunogenic and actuate two sorts of resistant reactions; humoral
and cellular. The collection of specificities of T and B cells are framed by
modifications and substantial transformations. T and B cells don't, for the
most part, perceive similar epitopes present on a similar infection.
·
B
cells see the free unaltered proteins in their local 3-D
adaptation though T cells typically observe the Ag in a denatured frame
related to MHC atoms.
The
qualities of the resistant response to a similar infection may vary in various
people contingent upon their hereditary constitutions.
Antibodies
that should be regulated to people amid the youth phase of life can be named as
Child immunizations. These
immunizations are basically in charge of the enlistment of a safe framework
and advancement of immunogenic reaction inside the tyke.
·
The
sicknesses avoided by the newborn child and youth antibodies are not kidding
and even fatal.
·
Measles
can spread to the cerebrum, cause mental harm and demise.
·
Mumps
can cause lasting deafness.
·
Polio
can cause loss of motion.
Unfortunately,
these illnesses have not vanished. There is no treatment and no solution for maladies
like measles, polio, and tetanus.
Drug
addiction is a difficult issue around the world. One treatment being explored
is immunizations
against medications of mishandling. The antibodies inspired against the
medication can take up the medication and keep it from achieving the reward
focuses on the mind. Scarcely any such immunizations have entered clinical
preliminaries, however, look into is going on apace. Numerous examinations are
exceptionally encouraging and more clinical preliminaries
ought to turn out sooner rather than later.
·
Morphine Vaccines
·
Heroin Vaccines
·
Methamphetamine Vaccines
·
Nicotine Vaccines
·
Cocaine Vaccines
·
Opioids Vaccines
Tumor
immunology deals with the natural or therapy-induced recognition of cancers, as
well as with the intricate interplay between oncogenesis, inflammation and
immunosurveillance. We now create a new, high-profile journal, Oncoimmunology,
that specifically deals with tumor immunology. Recent progress has allowed for
the first clinical demonstration (and FDA approval) of anticancer
immunotherapies. There is also an ever growing suspicion that - unexpectedly -
many of the currently used chemotherapeutic agents depend in their efficacy on
the active contribution of immune effectors.
To use a drastic metaphor, oncologists who applied successful chemotherapeutic (or radiotherapeutic) regimens have taken advantage of the immune system's capacity to recognize tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens and to control cancer (stem) cell growth, without being aware of the invisible helping hands.
·
As
a result, immunological biomarkers are becoming ever more important to
determine the prognosis of cancers and to predict the efficacy of chemotherapies
Immunoinformatics
(in some cases alluded to as computational immunology) is a sub-part of bioinformatics
that spotlights on the utilization of information administration and computational
apparatuses to enhance immunological research. The extent of immunoinformatics
covers a wide assortment of a domain, from the genomic and proteomic
investigation of the resistant framework to sub-atomic and life form level
demonstrating, placing it in close ties with genome informatics.
·
T cell epitope predictions from primary
sequences
·
Peptide binding predictions to MHC class I and
MHC class II
·
B cell epitope predictions – linear versus
conformational epitopes (3D structure)
·
Antigen structure prediction via protein
homology model
The
main goal to produce the veterinary vaccine
is to improve the health of the animals also its welfare. By increasing the
production of veterinary vaccines, the animal to human transmitted diseases
from both domestic and wildlife can be prevented. Commonly the dog vaccines (Vaccines
for canine parvovirus, canine hepatitis and rabies are considered core
vaccines. Non-core vaccines are given depending on the dog's exposure risk.
These
include vaccines against:
·
Bordetella
bronchiseptica
·
Borrelia
burgdorferi and
·
Leptospira
bacteria is as popular as the veterinary vaccine.
The
infectious diseases that get transmitted to humans from animals can be
prevented.
For
the past two centuries, vaccines
have provided a safe and effective means of preventing a number of infectious
diseases. Although the safety of some vaccines has been questioned in recent
years, the currently available vaccines are more than a millionfold safer than
the diseases they are designed to prevent. Vaccines, however, should always be
used in conjunction with other public health interventions. One important
intervention is education because the general public can be led to believe that
vaccines are unsafe and not needed by misinformation readily available
electronically and in print. Not only are some vaccines available via injection
but other vaccines are also given orally or intranasally.
·
New
vaccines are being studied for topical and intravaginal use. In addition, new
systems are being developed for the more efficient production of vaccines,
especially for influenza.
·
Testing
and evaluation of the vaccine before it’s licensed by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and recommended for use by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
·
Monitoring
the vaccine’s safety after it is recommended for infants, children, or adults
mmunotoxicity
refers to an adverse or inappropriate change in the structure or function of
the immune system after exposure to a foreign substance. Adverse effects can be
manifest as immunosuppression, hypersensitivity, or autoimmunity.
·
Hypersensitivity
·
Chronic
Inflammation
·
Immunosuppression
·
Immunostimulation
·
Autoimmunity
The
effects of parasitic worms, or helminths,
on the immune system are a recently emerging topic of study among immunologists
and other biologists. Experiments have involved a wide range of parasites,
diseases, and hosts. The effects on humans have been of special interest. The
tendency of many parasitic worms to pacify the host's immune response allows
them to mollify some diseases, while worsening others.
Immunogenetics
or immunogenetics is the study of medical genetics that explores the
relationship between the immune system and genetics. By studying
immunogenetics, we have been able to safely perform blood transfusions and
organ transplants, as well as treat autoimmune
diseases like diabetes.
Vaccination during pregnancy can possibly
secure the mother and the new-born child against antibody preventable
infections. New conceived new-born children are at high-chance for huge ailment
and demise from certain irresistible maladies in light of the fact that their
insusceptible framework has not completely created.
· One point of immunizing pregnant
ladies is to expand the measure of maternal counter acting agent (proteins
that battle malady) moved to babies, possibly shielding them from
irresistible infection.