Anatomical pathology is the major
specialty of pathology that deals with the study of the morphologic aspects of
disease. Anatomical Pathology concerns with the diagnosis of tissue and organ
based macro or microscopic testing. The latest research undergoes from the
following topics like Radio frequency identification & specimen tracking,
advanced bio-safety practices, Multi-model anatomical pathology and Anatomical
pathology of sexually transmitted diseases.
There are 36 associations and societies in USA and 18000 pathologists
and 90 universities in USA. And 630 companies and 3400 hospitals around USA
associated with pathology.
Clinical Pathology is a medical
specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the
laboratory analysis of bodily fluids. Clinical Pathology is one of the major
classifications of Pathology. Clinical Pathology is accomplished through
practical diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis. Clinical
Pathology is also useful in diagnosis of recent out broken diseases like Zika
fever which is caused by zika virus. Zika virus is transmitted to people
primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. Clinical
Pathology so far covers the diagnostic testing, Implications of cancer
patients, Prognostic value, clinical and non-clinical toxicology testing,
Clinical finding of cancer and other disease. It emerges other subtopic like
Neuropathology. The following topics are the latest research going on in
clinical Pathology.
Breast cancers can be divided
into two main overarching groups: the carcinomas and the sarcomas. Carcinomas
are cancers that arise from the epithelial component of the breast. The
epithelial component consists of the cells that line the lobules and terminal
ducts; under normal conditions, these epithelial cells are responsible for
making milk. Carcinomas comprise the vast majority of all breast cancers, and
will be further discussed below. Sarcomas are rare cancers that arise from the
stromal (connective tissue) components of the breast. These stromal component
cells include myofibroblasts and blood vessel cells, and cancers arising from
these "supportive" cells include phyllodes tumors and angiosarcoma.
Sarcomas account for less than 1% of primary breast cancers.
Surgical pathology is the
investigation of tissues expelled from living patients amid surgery to help
analyze a malady and focus a treatment arrangement. Regularly, the surgical
pathologist gives consultation benefits in a wide assortment of organ
indications and subspecialties. Surgical pathologists give symptomatic data
and/or second conclusions. Case in point, when performing breast cancer
surgery, a surgical pathologist's examination of tissues separated during the
surgery can help the specialist to figure out if to evacuate lymph nodes under
the arm, also. Surgical pathology incorporates both the physical examination of
the tissue with the bare eye, and inspecting handled tissue under a magnifying
instrument. There are 92 universities all over the USA where pathology research
works are carried out in that main universities engaged in Surgical Pathology
research are Stanford university of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Duke
University and Washington University. National institute of cancer have
released $ 1,265,135 for Surgical Pathology research.
e-Pathology is defining the new
paradigm of anatomic pathology. Telepathology image based information sent to
the far distance by telecommunication technology for research analysis in both
academic and business side. e-Pathology is a complete scan of a microscopic
glass slide and the viewing of the eSlide on a computer monitor through a
digital software system. The researches in pathology look beyond the
Advancements in diagnosis pathology by using the automated image analysis. The
global digital pathology market, valued at $1.98 billion in 2012, is estimated
to reach $5.7 billion by 2020. The Association of Digital Pathology is the main
Association in Digital pathology field and conducts annual Pathology meetings.
Ventana, Leica, Philips, GE Helath care are the main competitors for DigitalPathology software updates and new releases.
Oncogenomics is a sub-field of
genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes. It focuses on genomic,
epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer. Comparative oncogenomics uses
cross-species comparisons to identify oncogenes. Synthetic lethality arises
when a combination of deficiencies in the expression of two or more genes leads
to cell death, whereas a deficiency in only one of these genes does not. The
deficiencies can arise through mutations, epigenetic alterations or inhibitors
of one of the genes.
Metastasis, or metastaticdisease, is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part to
another not directly connected with it. An oncovirus is a virus that can cause
cancer. This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses
in the 1950–60s, often called oncornaviruses to denote their RNA virus origin.
Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis or tumorigenesis is the actual formation of a
cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. Mutagenesis is
a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a
stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature,
or as a result of exposure to mutagens. Apoptosis is a form of physiological
cell death mediated by caspases, a unique family of intracellular cysteine
proteases.
The term 'pediatric oncologist'
usually refers to physicians who have specialized in pediatrics and then
received further training in medical oncology and hematology. This means that
rather than using surgery or radiation therapy to treat cancer, pediatric
oncologists typically use medications and chemotherapy. Myeloid leukemia is a
type of leukemia affecting myeloid tissue. In medicine, histiocytosis refers to
an excessive number of histiocytes, (tissue macrophages), and is typically used
to refer to a group of rare diseases which share this as a characteristic.
Clinical Oncology includes
Medical Oncology (MO) , Surgical Oncology (SO) , Gynecologic Oncology,
Hematologic Malignancies. Medical oncology communicates the results of clinical
and experimental research in oncology and haematology, particularly with
experimental therapeutics with the field of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. A
surgical and non-surgical oncologist specializes in the removal of the tumours
and surrounding tissue during an operation. A surgical also performs biopsies
(the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope).
Gynecologic oncology is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers
of the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer,
vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer.
Oncology is a branch of medicine
that deals with tumors. A medical professional who practices oncology is an
oncologist. Integrative oncology manages the mind, body, and spirit. Modalities
of movement, touch, nutrition, and mindfulness are used within conventional
cancer care to address and improve symptoms and quality-of-life. Oncologicemergencies, as the term implies, are complications resulting from a cancer
itself, a paraneoplastic syndrome, or from treatment of the cancer, that
require immediate attention and reversal, if possible.