Cancer genetics is
the science of genes inherited from parents which can include the possibility
of inheriting certain genetic mutations in one or more genes. Another type of
gene mutations include mutations that are not inherited from family members but
develop over time, due to changes in a certain gene that can cause the
uncontrolled cells in that gene.
Cancer genomics is the
study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between
tumour cells and normal host cells. The genome of cancer cells can be analyzed
using advanced technologies such as next-generation DNA
sequencing.
Acquired mutations
Big Data and Machine Learning
Related Associations
and Societies
Cancer Prevention Foundation | Center of Molecular Immunology | Child Cancer Foundation | Musculoskeletal Tumor Society | Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer | International Society of Paediatric Oncology | International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research | International Society for Free Radical Research | American Cancer Society | International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology
Cancer Immunotherapy is a
treatment that boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. Different
types of immunotherapy work in different ways. Some treatments help the immune
system stop or slow the growth of cancer cells while others destroy cancer
cells or stop the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body.
Immunotherapy treatments can be used alone or combined with other cancer
treatments. Vaccines
help the body fight disease by training the immune system to recognize and
destroy harmful substances. Prevention vaccines and Treatment vaccines are 2
types of cancer vaccines.
Oncolytic virus therapy
Cancer vaccines
Related Associations
and Societies
Federation of European Cancer Societies | Netherlands Cancer Institute | International Agency for Research on Cancer | Norwegian Cancer Society | Singapore Cancer Society | American Society of Clinical Oncology | International Agency for Research on Cancer | National Comprehensive Cancer Network | Kidney Cancer Association |Association for Cancer Surgery
Cancer
metabolism refers to the alterations in cellular metabolism pathways that
are predominant in cancer cells compared with most normal tissue cells. Metabolic
alterations in cancer cells are numerous which includes aerobic glycolysis, reduced
oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic
intermediates which are needed for cell growth and proliferation.
Cancer changes the cell
metabolism by the expression of
oncogenes and tumor suppressors, expression/activity of glycolytic enzymes,
interactions with microenvironment and the aerobic glycolysis.
Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Protein Signalling
pathways
Related Associations
and Societies
Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | International Society for
Preventive Oncology | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society|International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research
Breast Cancer is the
most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of death
after lung cancer. The cancer occurs either in the lobules or the ducts of the
breast. Lobules
are the glands that produce milk, and ducts bring the milk from the glands to
the nipple. Cancer can also occur in the fatty tissue or the fibrous connective
tissue within your breast.
Triple-negative breast
cancer
Inflammatory breast
cancer
Invasive lobular
carcinoma
Related Associations
and Societies
Cancer Prevention
Foundation | Center
of Molecular Immunology | Child
Cancer Foundation | Musculoskeletal
Tumor Society | Society
for Immunotherapy of Cancer | International
Society of Paediatric Oncology | International
Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society | International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology
Skin cancer
is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the epidermis, the outermost
skin layer, caused by unrepaired DNA damage that triggers mutations. These
mutations lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant
tumors. The two main causes are the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and
the use of UV tanning machines.
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma
Related Associations
and Societies
Federation of European Cancer Societies | Netherlands Cancer Institute | International Agency for Research on Cancer | Norwegian Cancer Society | Singapore Cancer Society | American Society of Clinical Oncology | International Agency for Research on Cancer | National Comprehensive Cancer Network | Kidney Cancer Association | Association for Cancer Surgery
Brain Cancer
is an overgrowth of cells in brain that forms masses called tumors. Common
symptoms include headaches that are usually worse in the morning, nausea,
vomiting, a lack of coordination, a lack of balance, difficulty walking,
difficulty thinking, speech problems, vision problems, personality changes,
abnormal eye movements etc. Cancer cells that develop from brain tissue are
called primary brain tumors while tumors that spread from other body sites to
the brain are metastatic or secondary brain tumors.
Primary brain cancer
Metastatic brain cancer
Related Associations
and Societies
Netherlands Cancer Institute | International Agency for Research on Cancer | National Comprehensive Cancer Network | International Society for Preventive Oncology | International Society for Free Radical Research | American Cancer Society|International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology | International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research
Non-small cell lung
cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type makes up about 80 to 85 percent of all
cases. A rare subset of adenocarcinoma
begins in the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) called adenocarcinoma in
situ (AIS). Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 15 to 20 percent of
lung cancers. Some cases of tumors contain both NSCLC and SCLC cells. The
chance of successful or curative treatment is much higher when lung cancer is
diagnosed and treated in the early stages, before it spreads.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell
(undifferentiated) carcinoma
Related Associations
and Societies
Cancer Prevention Foundation | Center of Molecular Immunology | Child Cancer Foundation | Musculoskeletal Tumor Society | Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer | International Society of Paediatric Oncology | International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research | International Society for Free Radical Research | American Cancer Society | International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology
The prostate is a small
walnut shaped gland in the pelvis of men located next to the bladder and can be
examined by getting a digital rectal exam. Prostate cancer is a
type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland. It is the second-leading
cause of cancer deaths for men in the U.S. Growths in the prostate can be
benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Prostate cancer cells can spread by
breaking away from a prostate tumor. They can travel through blood vessels or
lymph nodes to reach other parts of the body. After spreading, cancer cells may
attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors, causing damage where they
land. Prostate cancer has no symptoms in its early stages.
Testosterone
Related Associations
and Societies
Federation
of European Cancer Societies | Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | Norwegian Cancer Society
| Singapore
Cancer Society | American
Society of Clinical Oncology | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | Kidney
Cancer Association |Association
for Cancer Surgery
Oncology is a branch
of medicine that deals with the study of cancer. The three major areas of
oncology are medical, surgical, and radiation. Computational oncology
focuses on the molecular aspects of cancer and utilizes mathematics and
computational models to organize tumor growth pathways, tumor biology, bioinformatics,
tumor marker profiles, and to develop predictive models for treatments based on
all of this information. Computational oncology utilizes computer models for
population screening, individual cancer cell modeling, and to develop tumor
marker analytics useful in the area of precision medicine.
Hormone therapy
Related Associations
and Societies
Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | International Society for
Preventive Oncology | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society|International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research
Epigenetic control
depends on small chemical changes to DNA or the proteins in chromosomes. The
several types of epigenetic modification are DNA Modifications and Histone Modifications.
The most common DNA
modification is methylation. Methylation is the
addition of a small chemical group - called a methyl group (-CH3) to specific
bases, The bases are modified by enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs).
Compared to DNA methylation, histone modification is a relatively complicated
process. The different types of histone modification are phosphorylation, methylation
and acetylation.
Histone Deacetylase
(HDAC) Inhibitors
DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT)
Inhibitors
Related Associations
and Societies
Cancer Prevention
Foundation | Center
of Molecular Immunology | Child
Cancer Foundation | Musculoskeletal
Tumor Society | Society
for Immunotherapy of Cancer | International
Society of Paediatric Oncology | International
Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society | International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology
Cancer immunology is
a branch of immunology that studies interactions between the immune system and
cancer cells to identify biomarkers in cancer immunodiagnosis and to discover
innovative cancer immunotherapies. T-cells
and Natural Killer cells play an important role in cancer immunology. Tumor
antigens include Tumor-specific transplantation antigens,
Tumor-Associated transplantation antigens and oncofetal anigens.
Immuno-oncology
Related Associations
and Societies
Federation
of European Cancer Societies | Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | Norwegian Cancer Society
| Singapore
Cancer Society | American
Society of Clinical Oncology | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | Kidney Cancer
Association |Association
for Cancer Surgery
Disruption of
intracellular signaling is leads to different diseases, including cancer. The
Ras-activated MAP
kinase (MAPK) module is part of many signaling pathways, and RAS is one of
the genes commonly found mutated in human cancers. Src gene plays an important role in tumor
cell invasion, in particular through its interaction with FAK (focal adhesion
kinase). The scaffold protein KSRI (kinase supressor of Ras) is involved in the
positive regulation of the MAPK pathway.
Src gene
Focal Adhesion Kinase
Related Associations
and Societies
Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | International Society for
Preventive Oncology | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society|International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research
Some cancer cells to
break off from their tumor of origin and take root in a different tissue by a
process known as Metastasis.
It is the leading cause for death in cancer patients. Tumors formed from cells
that have spread are called secondary tumors. The cancer may have spread to
areas near the primary site, called regional metastasis, or to parts of the
body that are farther away, called distant metastasis. Many types of cancers
are initially susceptible to chemotherapy, over time they can develop
resistance through mechanisms such as DNA mutations and metabolic changes that
promote drug
inhibition and degradation.
Drug Efflux
DNA Damage Repair
Related Associations
and Societies
Cancer Prevention
Foundation | Center
of Molecular Immunology | Child
Cancer Foundation | Musculoskeletal
Tumor Society | Society
for Immunotherapy of Cancer | International
Society of Paediatric Oncology | International
Association for the Study of Lung Cancer | International
Network for Cancer Treatment and Research | International
Society for Free Radical Research | American
Cancer Society | International
Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology
Stem cells have
unique properties, such as migration toward cancer cells, secretion of
bioactive factors, and immunosuppression,
which promote tumor targeting and circumvent obstacles currently impeding gene
therapy strategies. Preclinical stem cell-based strategies show great promise
for use in targeted anti-cancer therapy applications. Stem cell transplants are
procedures to restore blood-forming stem cells in people destroyed by
chemotherapy or radiation therapy that are used to treat certain cancers.
Autologous
Allogeneic
Related Associations
and Societies
Federation
of European Cancer Societies | Netherlands Cancer
Institute | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | Norwegian Cancer Society
| Singapore
Cancer Society | American
Society of Clinical Oncology | International
Agency for Research on Cancer | National
Comprehensive Cancer Network | Kidney
Cancer Association |Association
for Cancer Surgery